FIK number in Denmark explained
How can FIK numbers help with reconciliation in Denmark and how you can generate them. Learn what FIK numbers are, why they're important, and how to generate them for your business transactions in Denmark.
Finnish Reference number in Finland explained
How can Finnish reference numbers help with reconciliation in Finland and how you can generate them. Learn what Finnish Reference numbers are, why they're important, and how to generate them for your business transactions in Finland.
KID number in Norway explained
How can KID numbers help with reconciliation and how you can generate them. Learn what KID numbers are, why they're important, and how to generate them for your business transactions in Norway.
OCR number in Sweden explained
How can OCR numbers help with reconciliation in Sweden and how you can generate them. Learn what OCR numbers are, why they're important, and how to generate them for your business transactions in Sweden.
Special Economic Zones
Our comprehensive guide covers the tax rules and implications surrounding Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in India for businesses selling to them. Learn about SEZ benefits, regulations, tax exemptions, and compliance requirements to ensure your business stays in line with Indian tax laws.
Call-Off Stock
Call-off stock explained from the legal texts: Article 17a of the EU VAT Directive, the four conditions, the register and recapitulative-statement lines, the 12-month rule, substitution, returns and losses, national rules in Germany, France, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain and Poland, and the ViDA phase-out (dispatch cut-off 30 June 2028, Article 17a ends 30 June 2029, OSS transfer-of-own-goods scheme and mandatory reverse charge from 1 July 2028).
Chain Transactions
EU chain transactions explained from the legal texts: Article 36a of the VAT Directive (in force since 1 January 2020), the three conditions, the intermediary operator, the default rule and the VAT-number exception, where the other supplies take place, a worked A→B→C→D example, the Italian Risposta 111/2026, the CJEU case law, the pending T-689/25 reference, and national rules in Germany, the Netherlands, France, Italy, Poland and Spain.
CTC e-invoicing models
The e-invoicing continuous transaction control (CTC) models explained from official sources — clearance (centralised and via authorised providers), real-time reporting, decentralised 5-corner exchange (DCTCE), and Peppol 4-corner interchange — with the OECD's definitions, the EU's ViDA digital reporting model, and dated exemplars from Italy, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Mexico, Hungary, Spain, France, the UAE, Singapore, Belgium and others.
DAC7
DAC7 (Council Directive (EU) 2021/514) has applied since 1 January 2023. Who must report, which sellers are excluded (fewer than 30 sales and no more than EUR 2,000), what data goes to the tax authority by 31 January each year, national penalties, and the 2026 recast proposal.
Digital services VAT (non-residents)
How VAT and GST apply to digital (electronically supplied) services sold across borders by suppliers with no local establishment — the OECD destination principle, B2B reverse charge versus B2C supplier registration, the three threshold models, and a dated, sourced table of 36 jurisdictions.
EU SME scheme
The EU VAT special scheme for small enterprises explained from Directive (EU) 2020/285 — the domestic exemption up to EUR 85,000, the cross-border exemption for EU businesses under EUR 100,000, the EX number, reporting deadlines, the 10% / 25% overrun rules, and 2026 thresholds for all 27 member states.
EU VAT Rate Rules
How the EU VAT Directive limits national VAT rates: the 15% minimum standard rate with no maximum (Art 97), two reduced rates of at least 5% on up to 24 Annex III points, one rate below 5% and a zero rate on up to seven points (Art 98), the Article 105a grandfathering of super-reduced, zero and parking rates after Directive 2022/542, the 2030 and 2032 deadlines, the Article 104 island and regional derogations, and who applies which derogation per the Commission's COM(2025) 585 report.
Fiscal devices
Fiscal devices and certified cash registers explained from official sources. The four architectures (offline fiscal memory, certified security module, online devices reporting to a central system, and per-receipt real-time clearance), with dated rules for Germany, Austria, Italy, Poland, Hungary, Croatia, Slovenia, Malta, Russia, Serbia, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, and how B2C fiscalisation differs from B2B e-invoicing.
GAAP compliance
Dive into the world of GAAP with our insightful explainer article. Uncover the essentials of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, gain valuable insights into financial reporting, and stay compliant with the latest standards. Our expert writers provide accurate information and practical advice for navigating the complexities of GAAP. Elevate your financial knowledge and ensure compliance with our comprehensive guide. Your trusted source for GAAP insights and updates.
GoBD compliance
The GoBD are the German Federal Ministry of Finance's rules for keeping and retaining books, records and documents electronically and for tax-audit data access. The current version (BMF letter of 28 November 2019, amended 11 March 2024 and 14 July 2025), the e-invoice retention rule, the 10/8/6-year retention periods, Z1/Z2/Z3 data access and the penalties, each dated and sourced.
HIPAA compliance
Dive into HIPAA Compliance. Unlock the essentials of healthcare data security with our expert explainer article. Understand the intricacies of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), ensure data privacy, and stay compliant with the latest regulations. Our comprehensive guide provides accurate insights, compliance tips, and expert advice. Elevate your healthcare knowledge and safeguard sensitive information with our trusted HIPAA resource.
Intra-Community Supply
Intra-Community supplies and acquisitions explained from the legal texts: the Article 138 exemption, the taxed acquisition in the arrival Member State, the 2020 Quick Fixes (VAT number, EC Sales List, Article 45a proof of transport), the CJEU case law, a worked Germany-to-France example, why Article 402 still calls the 1993 system transitional, the withdrawal of the definitive-system proposal in 2025, and the ViDA changes to 2030.
Import One Stop Shop
Mastering IOSS. Simplify your understanding of the Import One-Stop Shop with our expert explainer article. Dive into the world of international e-commerce, navigate VAT compliance effortlessly, and stay ahead with the latest IOSS updates. Our comprehensive guide offers accurate insights, practical tips, and expert advice to ensure seamless cross-border transactions. Elevate your e-commerce game with our trusted source for IOSS knowledge.
Marketplace deemed supplier
How marketplace deemed-supplier rules make an online platform, not the seller, liable for VAT or GST — the EU Article 14a mechanism since 1 July 2021, the 2027 ViDA change to the customer group, the 2028–2030 accommodation and transport rule, and how the UK, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Singapore and others apply it.
OIDAR - India
What OIDAR (online information and database access or retrieval services) means under India's IGST Act as amended from 1 October 2023, how place of supply is decided, who pays the IGST, how an overseas supplier registers in FORM GST REG-10 and files GSTR-5A by the 20th — with dated official citations.
VAT OSS
Unlocking VAT OSS in the EU. Navigate the world of cross-border e-commerce with our expert explainer article. Demystify the complexities of the VAT One-Stop Shop, stay compliant with EU tax regulations, and streamline your business across borders. Our comprehensive guide offers accurate insights, practical tips, and expert advice to ensure seamless VAT OSS transactions. Elevate your e-commerce strategy with our trusted source for VAT OSS knowledge
QR-bill in Switzerland explained
Finer details of QR-bill in Switzerland so that you are compliant with the new rules.
Reverse Charge
Reverse charge explained from the legal texts: when the customer, not the supplier, accounts for VAT or GST. EU Articles 193–199b, the 31 December 2026 end date of the optional domestic reverse charge and the Quick Reaction Mechanism, the mandatory Article 194 rule from 1 July 2028, invoice wording, a worked example, and the UK, India, Australia, Japan and Norway rules.
SAF-T
SAF-T (Standard Audit File for Tax) is the OECD's XML standard for exporting accounting data to tax auditors. What the OECD guidance note v2.0 (2010) actually says, and which countries require periodic SAF-T filing (Romania D406, Poland JPK, Portugal) versus a file on request (Norway, Lithuania, Luxembourg; SAF-T is an optional format in Austria), each dated and sourced.
SOC 2 compliance
Decoding SOC 2 Compliance - Dive into the world of cybersecurity with our expert explainer article. Understand the nuances of Service Organization Control (SOC) 2, ensure data security and compliance, and fortify your business against cyber threats. Our comprehensive guide provides accurate insights, practical tips, and expert advice to navigate the complexities of SOC 2. Elevate your cybersecurity strategy with our trusted source for SOC 2 knowledge.
South Dakota v. Wayfair
South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc. (585 U.S. 162, decided 21 June 2018) overruled Quill and Bellas Hess and opened the way for economic nexus. What the Court held, South Dakota's current USD 100,000-only test under SDCL 10-64-2, the states that have dropped the 200-transaction test, and a sourced table of state thresholds as at 3 November 2026.
Streamlined Sales Tax
What the Streamlined Sales and Use Tax Agreement is, how it works (uniform definitions, rate and sourcing rules, one registration, state-paid Certified Service Providers, the F0003 exemption certificate), who it affects, and its status as at 3 November 2026 — 23 full members plus Tennessee as associate, and the 2027 voluntary disclosure program.
Triangulation
EU triangulation explained from the legal texts: the five conditions of Article 141 of the VAT Directive, the reverse charge on the final customer under Article 197, the Article 42 switch-off of the intermediary's acquisition, the 'Reverse charge' invoice mention, a worked Italy→Germany→France example, four-party chains, the Bühler, Luxury Trust, T-646/24 and T-773/25 judgments, the ViDA changes from 1 July 2030, and national rules in Germany, France, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland and Austria.
UAE Designated Zones
Why a UAE free zone is not automatically outside VAT — the Cabinet Decision list of Designated Zones (FTA list, file dated 21 September 2021), the seven Dubai Designated Zones, the Executive Regulation Article 30, 47 and 51 rules for goods and services, a worked AED example, and how Corporate Tax free-zone status differs.
VAT Grouping
VAT grouping explained from the legal texts: Article 11 of the EU VAT Directive, the financial, economic and organisational links test, the effects of a VAT group (one taxable person, intra-group supplies outside the scope of VAT, purchases made to the group), the CJEU case law, Germany's Organschaft and the draft § 2c UStG, Portugal's 2026 regime, and national rules in 16 jurisdictions.
VAT Listings
What a VAT listing is in the EU — the recapitulative statement (EC Sales List) under Articles 262–271 of the VAT Directive and national domestic listings such as Belgium's client listing or the Czech control statement — who files, how often, where each Member State stands today, and how ViDA replaces recapitulative statements from 1 July 2030.
VAT withholding and split payment
How VAT withholding moves the payment of VAT — not the liability — from the supplier to a buyer, public body, bank, card issuer or platform. Covers EU split payment (Italy to 30 June 2029, Poland to 29 February 2028, Romania repealed 2020), withholding agents (Kenya, Tanzania, Morocco, Peru, Philippines), and payment-intermediary collection on cross-border digital services (Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Indonesia, Zimbabwe).
ViDA
ViDA (VAT in the Digital Age) explained from the adopted texts — Council Directive (EU) 2025/516 and its companion regulations of 11 March 2025. What is in force now, the 2027 / 2028 / 2030 / 2035 timeline, digital reporting and e-invoicing rules, platform deemed-supplier obligations, and the single VAT registration.
VIES and Intrastat
What VIES and Intrastat are and how they differ — the VIES VAT-number check and consultation number, the recapitulative statement (EC Sales List) that the intra-EU zero rate now depends on, Intrastat under Regulation (EU) 2019/2152, and the 2026 Intrastat thresholds for all 27 Member States and Northern Ireland, each with its official source.
Zero-Rated vs Exempt
Zero-rated and exempt supplies both leave the customer paying no VAT or GST; the difference is whether the supplier can recover input tax. EU Articles 168 and 169, UK Schedules 8 and 9, partial exemption with HMRC's worked example, terminology across the EU, UK, South Africa, Australia, Canada, India, the UAE and others, and current changes as at 2026-11-03.